1背景

对植物和动物作为药物的来源，历史可以追溯到人类种族的起源。作为一门学科，民族植物学是第一个被正式承认的，用来特指被原住民使用的植物(Harshburger, 1896)。这种科学是一门多科目的学科，它包括了植物科学、历史、人类学、文化、文学的许多有趣和有用的方面。它涉及植物人类关系学，特别涉及远离文明的原始部落中植物的经济用途形势(Kaushik and Dhiman, 2000)。考虑到天然药物的重要性，也为了促进传统医药体系，世界健康组织推出了一个“人人享有健康2000 C.E”的重大项目。1978年，在阿拉木图举行的会议上，世界卫生组织宣布初级卫生保健是实现“人人享有健康”的关键。会议提出传统医学在实现世界大部分人口健康中扮演着非常重要的作用，对农村和部落居民更是尤为重要(Rao, 2000)。

许多工作人员都对位于泰米尔纳德邦不同部落族群的民族植物学进行了研究。Subramanyam等(2008)在达罗毗荼泰米尔的马拉萨尔，有一个土著社群占据着西高止山脉的森林，他们被称为独特的医者和Velliangiri 圣山植物群传统土著知识的保存者。Chellaiah等(2006)从Kancheepuram地区收集记录了当地传统治疗师的本土知识和本土植物药的文献。Ignacimuthu等(2006)调查研究了马杜赖地区的Paliyar部落的民族植物学。村民们从Dharapuram Taluk的民族植物学研究(Balakrishnan et al, 2009)。类似的研究已经证明对特鲁瓦纳马莱山的罗摩克里希纳等人的部落的土著知识进行和部落，由Ramakrishna等(2006)进行，而伊鲁拉斯族，由Subramanyam和Steven (2009) 进行。对村民利用kumaragiri山塞勒姆区原住民药用植物的研究是由Alagesaboopathi(2009)进行。

胃肠道疾病仍然是世界上最重要的疾病和死亡的原因之一，尤其是对年轻的儿童而言。此类疾病大部分是由暴露的污染水源或食物引起，例如，水质差，有限的饮用水，穷人的食物安全或卫生状况不佳，人们的饮食习惯问题，其中包括缺乏均衡的饮食，酗酒等。主要致病菌包括沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌、camylobacter、大肠杆菌和轮状病毒(Patel et al., 2009年)。此类疾病大部分都伴随着各种症状，如腹泻，呕吐，血液中的粪便，心脏烧伤等。因此，目前的工作进行了重点研究，药用植物已被古伦巴部落专门用于胃肠疾病。

Nilgiri区，又称“Nilgiris”或“Niligiri Hills”是Tamil最小的地区之一。从词源学上讲，“Niligiris”的意思是“蓝山”。该地区是一个2549平方公里的丘陵地区，位于11 0 10’和11 0 30’北纬76 0 25’和77 0 40’东经，在东、西高止山脉交界处之间，最突出的两个山脉几乎与印度半岛海岸线平行。该地区的平均海拔是6500平方英尺，以喀拉拉邦为西界，位于卡纳塔克邦州和泰米尔纳德邦州东南部的Coimbatore地区北部。高原的自然植被在草原大量散布着，并十分孤立，明确的定义，通常是小的林地。这些热带山地森林在当地被称为“sholas '，这个词来源于solai的椰子岛方言词”。林港有多种植物，其中最引人注目的当然是树，它们有许多特有物种，不仅仅是乔木，灌木，花和许多种蕨类苔藓，还有兰花，藤本植物，攀缘植物，在溪流和沼泽地区的草地还有大量的蘑菇和真菌(Daniels, 1992)。六个原始部落坐落在这里，分别是Todas，Kotas，Irulas，kattunayakas，paniyas和Kurumbas, kurumbas是其中使用草药的专家。Kurumbas地区主要驻留的是Kundah的taluks，Kotagiri和Coonoor主要在Niligiri区(图1)。

在Kotagiri和古努尔之间的原住地有巴德格，泰米尔，马来亚和斯里兰卡。在Kundah taluk，Kurumbas最近的邻居是Badagas (Parthasarathy, 2009)。

2结论

目前的研究主要集中在对肠胃病治疗的kurumba部落土著知识，研究植物共有21种，隶属于20科16属，被用来作为各种胃肠疾病的传统疗法(表1)。2009~2010年的访问对该领域进行了有效的数据收集。对收集的数据的进行初步分析(图2)，主要用于治疗的药物制剂树叶(38%)，其次是树皮(19%)，其他部位(14.2%)，种子(9.5%)，果实(9.5%)和枝干(4.7%)。这项研究还显示，大多数口服制剂的形式为汤用粉，叶汁或树皮，应用形式有：输液(57%)，作为食品补充剂(38%)，应用腹部区域(9.5%)(图3)。例如将蓖麻叶Ruta种子，天竺葵研磨油应用于腹部疼痛区域用来缓解缓解绞痛。种子水稻是用来作为药品以及主食定期食用。最常见的胃肠疾病症状是腹泻。因此，几乎38%的药品用于控制腹泻。

图 2 Analysis of plant parts used

 

图 3 应用方式分析

 

3讨论

对民族植物学的研究得出了对于治疗各种胃肠疾病的描述性数据。这个过程清楚地表明，76%种植物物种下降的验证得分为4，23%正在下降的得分为3(图3)。因此，分析植物药用部位kurumbas传统医药实践需要研发一种有效治疗胃肠疾病的药物。然而，它需要进行严格化学成分及药理研究(Fransworth et al.,1985; Browner et al., 1988; Weniger and Robineau,1989)将进一步验证此数据。植物山黄麻的化学成分分析(3C)、Grewia aspera(3b)，Chenopodium ambrosiodes(3B)、Ipomoea staphylina(3b)和Leucas sebaldiana(3b)将有助于提高验证的分数。与此同时，这些属的其他种类已被证明具有很高的药用价值如Aspera(Willd.)Ipomea cairica L传统药用实践是发展中世界的级卫生保健系统的一个重要的组成部分(Sheldon et al., 1997)。部分草药被证明比合成药物更安全。因此，基于传统知识的植物草药已成为一种新工具用于寻找新的生物活性化合物

4材料和方法

最广泛的民族植物学探索是在2009~2010，在kurumba的三个地方，即Kundah、Kotagiri和Coonoor开展。对于本研究，共29个部落医士接受采访，在确定植物、草药和了解部落医学上提供帮助。有关部落巫医的细节(表1)。参与农村评估(PRA)应用获取数据(Dilip和janardhana, 2012)。想要发展一个良好和谐的关系，并保证对治疗师和酋长的信心，而这往往是难以实现的，因为治疗师通常将他们的知识作为一个秘密，不愿意它揭示给外人。药物被提供给他们，也被接受，在调查过程中，单独私下的情况下更容易接近治疗师，他们也更愿意透露他们传统的植物知识。

表 1 研究地点和受访者档案

为更好的了解当地的做法，采访中提到的特定问题被迈索尔大学植物学研究所设计在问卷中(Dilip and Janardhana, 2012)(表2)。知情同意书是将访问人的视角再现研究中，每一个访问人被访问了至少三次就是为了验证所获数据的可靠性。如果访问中所说的有关使用特定药用植物的意见与早期访问中所说的不同，那么该信息会被认为是不可靠，如果一个特定的药用植物在访问过程中变化，那么数据会被丢弃。在文档一致进行的过程中，也开展了特定的栖息地识别和收集特定治疗植物的工作。收集的信息证实了不同的部落族群居住在研究区不同的地方。

表 2 Niligiri区Kurumba部落使用的药用植物调查表

以前工人所采用的方法(Jain和Goel, 1995)。对药用植物进行鉴定，拍照和收集制备标本。遵循方法和程序中所描述的过程来制备标本(Jain, 1989)。植物特征的基础上给出的标准识别手册芙罗拉主席马德拉斯(Gamble, 1975)，芙罗拉泰米尔纳德邦卡纳提克(Mathew, 1983)和芙罗拉南印度山站(Fyson, 1932)。

初步的民族药理学验证是一个主要的步骤，以确定哪些植物是安全或有效的，并确保临床试验时不被浪费在文化或宗教目的上。因此，这些补救措施进行了的一个非实验的验证方法(Henrich et al., 1992)。根据这一方法分为四个层次的有效性，为我们所用：(1)如果没有信息支持工厂使用这一物种，则表明该植物是不活跃的；或这一植物的研究还没有完成；(2)一种植物(或同一属的密切相关物种)，用于地理上或时间上不同的地区，达到的有效水平都很低，如果没有进一步的化学成分或药理学信息来确定使用途径，则该植物在其他领域有积极对抗疾病的可能性。(3)如果除民族植物学显示的细节以外，化学或制药生态信息也验证了使用植物在印度，对病人是起作用的，更可能其效果要高于药效低的药物。(4)如果民族植物学、植物化学和药理信息支持植物的民间使用；它被分组为具有高效性，很可能是一种有效的补救办法。

除了记录每种药用植物的使用频率，对植物的信息将有一个深入的了解，被报告人用作物种志引用的次数远远多于被用作植物引用(Al corn, 1984)。因此，植物会根据引用人引用的频率分为三类，有的植物被资料提供人大量提及，有的则至少有三次被提及，而被纳入有效物种志(A)。那些只被两个资料提供人提出的，基本上没有医者了解的为(C)级，(B)是中间级别，此类植物属于已知植物，被几个人提出过，也有一两个医师了解。那些只被一个研究人员提出的植物没有被包含在数据库中。

致谢

诚挚感谢所有从Kundah,Kotagiri部落和Conoor海湾派来的传统医学执业医师，感谢他们分享自己的知识支持我们的研究，也感谢Mr.Sudhakar在Kurumba所属学区定居点的提。供利益冲突：我们声明，没有利益冲突。

附录

牛膝根

药效学用途:抗细菌(Tullanithi et al .,2010)，抗生育(Gupta and Sharma, 2006)，抗肿瘤，免疫兴奋剂，降血脂药，肾功能障碍，反解热剂，抗氧化剂，抗哮喘，治关节炎，用于伤口愈合、抗蛇毒心脏、抗肝炎、镇痛、用于治疗痢疾、脓漏(Dey, 2011)

Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC.

药效用途：β–谷甾醇和莲子草其苷具有较强的抗炎和解热作用(Nayak et al., 2010)、天然抗氧化剂(Borah et al., 2011)，镇咳活性(Venkatesh et al., 2012)，抗腹泻和腹痛(Dhole et al., 2012)。

苋属

药效学用途:抗氧化剂和抗凝剂(Anitaand Ponbavani, 2013),

Berberis tinctoria Lesch.

药效学用途:肝防护和抗氧化剂研究(Kanda et al., 2005),抗炎症(Gilani et al.)小檗碱抑制激活蛋白，抑制肝癌细胞(Fukuda et al., 1999),抗细菌(Sasikumar et al ., 2007),生物碱分离出小檗碱，小檗属植物物种是各种传染病报告(WHO, 1983)，B.tinctoria被发现拥有的潜力，氢对DPPH捐赠和强还原能力(Sasikumar et. al., 2009)

Carica papaya L.

药效的用途:它包含几个蛋白水解酶木瓜蛋白酶和karpain这有助于促进消化,抗炎症、抗肿瘤、抗镰状(Aravind et al., 2013)，抗疟疾和制作解痉药(Udoh et al., 2005)

Chenopodium ambrosiodes L.

药效学用途:驱虫治疗(Quinlan et al., 2002, Mac Donald et al., 2004)，堕胎药通经剂(Conway and Slocumb, 1979),应该使用它用作驱虫剂时，对患轮虫的狗特别有效。但它有一个味道会引起唾液分泌和胃过敏，应小心使用。尤其是儿童和年龄营养不良的人需要特别注意(British pharmacopoeia, 1953, The Dispensary of the United States of America, 1947)，Methanolic提取C。ambr细胞毒性与人类肝癌细胞株是相联通的(Ruffa et al., 2002)

Citrus aurantium L.

药效学用途:膳食补充剂(Fugh and Myers, 2004),抗痉挛药(Forster et al., 1980),心脏活动(Penzak et al.,2001),富含维生素C和改善免疫系统(Zhu et al., 1998),与食物一起使用艾滋病毒/艾滋病患者的膳食补充剂(Nagata et al., 2011)

Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.

药效学用途:抗菌(Hubert et al., 2012),抗真菌(Pawar, 2006),抗焦虑活性(Blanco, 2009),镇痛(Zamith, 1993)

飞扬草

药效学的用途：抗炎剂(Shih et al., 2010)抗细菌(Upadhyay et al., 2010)，止泻剂(Gálvez et al., 1993年)。影响水叶飞扬草提取物，肠道蠕动(Hore et al., 2006)，抗氧化活性(Basma et al., 2011)，Antiheptotoxic活动(Tiwari et al., 2011)。

Grewia aspera Roxb

用途：生药学药效学研究已在其他物种如G.草进行，为研究降血糖和抗糖尿病活性(akthar, 1992)

Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult.

药效学用途：泰米尔纳德邦Kolli丘陵部落的Malayali人用来对付腹泻(Suresh等, 2011)

Lantana indica Roxb.

药效学用途：用作发汗，肠道杀菌剂，除用作发汗剂以外，还可用于治疗破伤风，风湿和疟疾(Ghisalberti, 2000, Ojha and Dayal et al., 1992, Singh et al., 1998)。该厂还显示了一些三萜类化合物存在和固醇。从马缨丹籼稻中分离的单宁呈阳性抗菌和抗真菌活性的结果(Venkatswamy et al., 2010)

Leucas sebaldiana Sunojk。

药效学用途：这种Leucas没经过药理学研究，但是很多Leucas品种都经过药理研究确定其药用价值，可用于抗炎和抗菌(Ai Lan Chew et al., 2012)、抗疟药、解热(Murugan et al., 1998)，反氧化剂和细胞毒性(Rahman et al., 2007)

Oryza sativa L.

药效用途：抗氧化(Reshmi and Nandini, 2013)、抗菌(Sulochana and Bakiyalakshmi, 2011)，Antidiarrheal、抗癌活性、抗溃疡(Umadevi et al., 2012)。在阿育吠陀大米的药用价值中已描述：大米是辛辣的，油腻的，育肥，有利于胆汁和利尿(Caius, 1986)

Oxalis corniculata L.

药效用途：抗糖尿病、降血脂、抗氧化活性(Agila and Kavita, 2012)，治疗腹泻(Pierre et al., 2005)，降血糖活性(Krishnaveni et al., 2006)和抗生育活性(Sharangouda and Saraswathi, 2006)、抗细菌(Raghvendra et al., 2006)

药效用途：消炎解热(Dhale and Mogle et al., 2012)，癌的化学预防(Singh et al., 2011)，范围广泛的化学成分组件包括萜类、生物碱类、黄酮类化合物和单宁所具有的有用生物(Kim et al., 2005; Arora et al., 2003)，排除身体毒素(Tasduq et al., 2005)，支持神经系统和加强感官(Reddy et al., 2011)，心脏兴奋剂(Williamson, 2002)、治疗腹泻(Mahmood et al., 2011)尤其是慢性腹泻(Jayaweera, 1980)，消炎(Dang et al., 2011)

Phyllantus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.

药效用途：保肝活性(Syed et al., 2012)、抗关节炎活性(Sharad et al., 2011)，抗细菌活动(akinjogunla et al.，2010)，抗炎木脂素类过敏的行动珠子草素的分离

苦味叶下珠(kassuya et al., 2006)，抗肿瘤抗癌(rajeshkumar et al., 2002)，抗腹泻与胃肠电位(Odetola et al., 2000)。

Ruta graveolens L.

药效学用途：抗氧化和抗炎(Rathesh and Helen, 2007)，糖尿病(toserkani et al., 2011)，抗菌，抗真菌(meepagala et al.，2005)，抗雄激素(Khouri and El-Akawi, 2005)，R. graveolens含有约2%的黄酮类化合物芦丁主要植物的。具有多种药理活性的包括抗菌、抗肿瘤、止泻、抗溃疡，抗突变、保护心肌、血管扩张剂，免疫调节剂和保肝活动(Janbaz et al., 2002)

Ricinus Communis L.

药效用途：抗溃疡(Rakesh et al., 2011)，降糖(Shokeen et et al., 2008)，抗菌活性(Mathur et al., 2011)，抗菌(Islam et al., 2010)，抗炎(Saini et al., 2010)，保肝活性(VisEn et al., 1992)、抗生育(sandhyakumary et al., 2003)，平喘活性(Sani et al., 2007)，可用于抗组胺药(Taur et al., 2011)

Solanum verbiscifolium L.

药效用途：抗真菌(Flores and Bustamante, 2010)、抗出血(olowa et al., 2012)，与MRSA的特殊利益antibacterialstudies(pesewu et al., 2008)

Trema orientalis (L.) Blume

药效用途：抗糖尿病(DIMO et al., 2006)，抗疟原虫活性，镇痛和止泻(Uddin et al., 2008)，抗炎(Barbera et al., 1992)，抗菌、驱虫、抗阿米巴(McGaw et al., 2000)

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